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Language & culture / Understand the mechanism

Books that open to the right or left: the difference goes beyond the letters

In ordinary vertical Japanese typesetting, characters run downward, lines and pages proceed to the left, and the book is bound on the right. In left-to-right horizontal typesetting, characters run to the right, lines proceed downward, pages proceed to the right, and the book is bound on the left. Check the reading order separately from the movement used to open the cover.

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History / Understand the mechanism

Leap years come every four years. So what about 2100?

The Gregorian calendar adds a day every four years, omits that addition in years divisible by 100, and retains it in years divisible by 400. Distributing 97 leap days across 400 years produces a calendar with an average year of 365.2425 days.

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Language & culture / Understand the mechanism

Why mirrored characters alone do not make readable letterpress text

In a direct transfer from form to paper, character shapes and character positions are reflected together. Viewed straight on with their tops and bottoms aligned, the correct form is the mirror image of the complete line you want to print.

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History / Understand the mechanism

What changes when worlds connect?

Connections carried knowledge and goods over greater distances while also extending power and burdens. Separating what moved, who worked, who chose and where benefits and harms remained lets us examine development without ranking societies along one ladder.

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